Inverted Sentences (Devrik Tümce)

INVERTED SENTENCES (Devrik Tümce)

İngilizce’de devriklik (inversion) genellikle yardımcı fiilin özneden önce kullanılmasıyla oluşur. Cümle bu şekilde ifade edilirken amaç vurgulama yapmaktır. Aşağıda sıralanan olumsuzluk ya da kısıtlayıcı anlam içeren belirteç ve belirteç öbekleri sadece vurgu amacıyla cümlenin başına çekildiğinde tümce ya da kimi zaman ana cümlecik veya zarf cümleciği soru biçiminde dizilir. Ancak bu durum soru olarak düşünülmemelidir. Türkçe’de böyle bir yapı var olmadığından, çeviride herhangi bir sorun yoktur. İngilizce de farklı şekle devrik cümle yapısı kullanılabilir.

NEGATIVE INVERSION (Inversion of the Verb)

Bu tür yapılarda daha çok olumsuzluk ifade edilirken vurgulama yapılır. Olumsuz ve kısıtlayıcı anlam içeren zarflar cümlenin başına getirilir, arkasından yardımcı fiil özneden önce kullanılarak cümle dizini yapılır.

  • Almost never:  hemen hemen, asla 
  • No longer:  artık
  • Not often:  sık değil,                                           
  • At no time(s):  hiç bir zaman
  • Not once:  bir kere bile,                                     
  • By no means:  hiç bir şekilde
  • Not only:  sadece ... değil,                                 
  • Hardly ever:  hemen hemen hiç
  • Not since:  ..dığından beri ... –medi,                     
  • In no way:  hiç bir şekilde
  • Nowhere:  hiç bir yerde,                                    
  • Little:  hemen hemen hiç
  • On no account:  hiç bir şekilde,                                  
  • Merely:  ancak
  • Rarely:  nadiren 
  • Neither:  ne
  • Scarcely ever:  hemen hemen hiç 
  • Seldom:  nadiren
  • Never before:  daha önce hiç 
  • Never:  asla
  • Under no cırcumstances:  hiç bir koşulda
  • In no circumstances:  hiç bir koşulda

· The prisoners little realized that their plan to escape had been reported to the guards.
   Little did the prisoners realize that their plan to escape had been reported to the guards.

· New toys no longer help children develop their imagination.
  No longer do new toys help children develop their imagination. (inverted)

· I have never told you a lie. (Normal)
  Never have I told you a lie. (Emphatic)

· You can rarely catch a big fish in this lake.
  Rarely can you catch a big fish in this lake.

· He has seldom exhibited his paintings.
  Seldom has he exhibited his paintings.

· You must on no condition release the dog. (Normal)
  On no condition must you release the dog. (Emphatic)

· Visitors are on no condition to bring food to patients.
  On no condition are visitors to bring food to patients.

· You shouldn't go over the speed limits for any reason.
  On no account should you go over the speed limits.

· You should under no circumstances feed your child on spicy food.
  Under no circumstances should you feed your child on spicy food.

· You must in no way play in the street.
  In no way must you play in the street.

· They robbed the bank, and also killed the security guard.
  Not only did they rob the bank, but (they) also killed the security guard.

Only” ile başlayan zarf cümlelerinde de devriklik yapılır. Bu durumda eğer bileşik bir cümle varsa devriklik ikinci cümle de oluşur.

  • Only + isim: ancak
  • Only with: ancak ...ile
  • Only by + Ving: ancak... Erek
  • Only then:  ancak o zaman
  • Only in this way: ancak bu şekilde
  • Only once: ancak bir kere
  • Only recently: ancak bu yakınlarda
  • Only when + cümle: ancak... ındığında
  • Only after + cümle: ancak... dikden sonra
  • Only because + cümle: ancak ... dığından dolayı
  • Only ıf + cümle: ancak... erse

· Proper labeling will be essential only if the law is changed.
  Only if the law is changed, will proper labeling be essential. (inverted)

· The river overflows only when it rains.
  Only when it rains, does the river overflow.

· I remembered the answers to some questions only after I gave my exam paper to the teacher.
  Only after giving my exam paper to the teacher did I remember the answers to some questions.

· I realized that the man was blind only when he poked his finger into my eye to switch the 
  heating on.
  Only when he poked his finger into my eye to switch the heating on did I realize that the man 
  was blind.

· I poured some cold water onto his face. He didn't wake up until then.
  I poured some cold water onto his face. Only then did he wake up.

· They didn't let the students know the exam results until later.
  Only later did they let the students know the exam results.

· He is allowed to play with his friends only if he has done his homework.
  Only if he has done his homework is he allowed to play with his friends.

  • Hardly ... before + cümle:  -meden önce ... Ancak
  • Hardly... when + cümle:  -ındığında... Ancak
  • Scarcely ... when + cümle:  -ındığında ... Ancak
  • No sooner had ...than: (yap)ar (yap)maz
  • Not till / until + cümle:  -ene kadar

Bu tür cümlelerde olumsuzluğu ifade eden “hardly, sacrcely, no sooner, not until / till” gibi zarfların cümlenin başına getirilmesi devrik cümle kullanımına sebep olur.


· He had hardly arrived home when he was summoned to the hospital for an urgent 
  operation. (Normal)
  Hardly had he arrived home when he was called to the hospital for an urgent operation. (Emphatic)

· As soon as the gowernment had come to power, it was thrown in a military coup
  No sooner had the government come to power, than it was thrown in a military coup.

· They had scarcely sat down for dinner when the telephone rang.
  Scarcely had they sat down for dinner when the telephone rang. (inverted)

· I had barely fallen asleep when someone rang the door-bell.
  Barely had I fallen asleep when someone rang the door-bell.

· It was not until she sent me a letter that I knew she had divorced her husband.(Emphatic)
  Not until she sent me a letter did I know she had divorced her husband. (Emphatic)

Nor:  ne de
Cümlenin içerisinde yardımcı fiil varsa bunu kullanıyoruz. Aksi durumlarda ise son örneğimizde olduğu gibi yardımcıyı biz getiriyoruz. Bir tümcede birden fazla olumsuzluk varsa ikinci olumsuzluk genellikle “nor” kullanılarak devrik hale getirilir.

· The rhinoceros has a rather poor sense of smell and it cannot see well.

Cümlenin ilk kısmını (and'e kadar olan kısmını) aynen alırız. And, it ve not atılır virgül konur ve bunların yerine nor getirilir.

· The rhinoceros has a rather poor sense of smell, nor can it see well. (inverted)

· Man cannot live by bread alone and he cannot live without bread.
  Man cannot live by bread alone, nor can he live without bread. (inverted)

· The burgler did not break a window, nor did he leave by the front door.
· I have never lent Tom any money nor has he ever asked for a loan.

INVERSION WITH So + adj / adv öyle ...ki

Such + noun öyle…ki

· The force extracted by the tornadoes is so great that they have been known to lift locomotives 
   off their tracks.
· So great is the force extracted by tornadoes that they have been known to lift locomotives off 
  their tracks.

· These synthetic jewels seem so real that one can hardly tell the difference.
· So real do these synthetic jewels seem that one can hardly tell the difference.

· He spoke so sharply that everyone was astonished.
· So sharply did he speak that everyone was astonished.

· They made such promises that none of us really expected them to be kept.
· Such promises did they make that none of us really expected them to be kept.

IVERSION IN “IF CLAUSE”

Koşul belirten cümlelerde devriklik yapılırken koşul cümlelerini yapısal özeliklerine göz önünde bulunur.

“Type 1” bir koşul cümlesi devrik olarak ifade edilirken “if” atılır ve “should” öznenin önüne getirilir.

· If you feel hungry, you can help yourself to anything in the fridge.
  Should you feel hungry, you can help yourself to anything in the fridge. (inverted)

· If you don't have time to do this now, it can be done in the morning.
  Should you not have time to do this now, it can be done in the morning. (inverted)

· If you require further information, please contact the aforementioned telephone number.
  Should you require further information, please contact the aforementioned telephone number    (inverted)

“Type 2” bir koşul cümlesi devrik olarak ifade edilirken “if” atılır ve “were to” öznenin önüne getirilir.

· If we weren't so late, we could stop here for a meal
  Were we not so late, we could stop here for a meal. (inverted)

· If the government opened a new airport, congestion at the present one would be greatly eased.
  Were the government to open a new airport, congestion at the present one would be greatly eased. (inverted)

· I wouldn't spend so much on one item if I were him.
  I wouldn't spend so much on one item were I him. (inverted)


“Type 3” bir koşul cümlesi devrik olarak ifade edilirken “if” atılır ve “had” öznenin önüne getirilir.

· I wouldn't have waited if I had realised how long you would be.
  I wouldn't have waited had I realised how long you would be. (inverted)

· If there had been more opportunity for discussion, this situation might have been averted.
  Had there been more opportunity for discussion, this situation might have been averted. (inverted)

· If the emergency services hadn't responded so quickly, many people would have died.
  Had the emergency services not responded so quickly, many people would have died. (inverted)

· If they had been driving more carefully, the accident would never have happened.
  Had they been driving more carefully, the accident would never have happened. (inverted)

Bu konuyla ilgili olarak CONDITIONALS/IF CLAUSE: INVERSION sayfasına bakabilirsiniz

As” bağlacının“gibi” anlamında kullanılırken devrik olarak ifade edilmesi

· The fish was delicous as the lamp chop was
  The fish was delicious as was the lamb chop. (inverted)

· She looks after the home as her mother did before her.
  She looks after the home as did her mother do before her.(inverted)

· We respect our neighbours as they respect us.
  We respect our neighbours as do they respect us.

Karşılaştırma yapılırken kullanılan“than” den sonra devriklik yapılabilir.

· Dogs are more faithful than cats are.
  Dogs are more faithful than are cats.

· He looked more mature than her peers did.
  He looked more mature than did her peers.

· A horse can run faster than a mule can.
  A horse can run faster than can a mule.

INVERSION AFTER SO AND NEITHER / NOR

· Nick likes playing volleyball, and so does his wife.
· Jane is lull, and so is Jennifer.
· I like listening to jazz.' 'So do I”
· 'My mother has been to Italy.' 'So has my mother.'
· I went to the cinema last night, and so did my sister.
· I watched this film.' 'So did I.'
· My father isn't at home, and neither/nor is my mother.
· 'My father hasn't been abroad.' 'Neither/Nor has my father.'
· Kate didn't dance at the party, and neither/nor did Jane.
· 'Alan didn't go to school yesterday.' 'Neither/Nor did Jack.'

INVERSION USING ADVERB OF PLACE

Daha çok resmi yada edebi yazımda cümlede “yön”, veya yer içeren bir zarf grubu varsa cümle devrik olarak kullanılabilir. Edat öbeği yer ya da konum bildiren bir belirteç ise bunu başa çekip ardından fiil ve özneyi getiririz. Önceki konudakinin aksine olmayan yardımcıyı biz koymayız.

· On the corner stood a police officer.
· In the corner of the room is a television set.
· Among the rafters overhead hung the bats.
· At the bus stop were a soldier and two young couples on their way to South Carolina.
· Close by the door listened the spy.
· Inside the system unit are the workings of the computer.

Down, in, out, up gibi bir belirteç vurgu için tümce başına getirildiğinde yine devrik yapı oluşturulur.

· Down came the rain.
· In walked the surgeon with his scalpel in his hand.
· Up came the flowers after the heavy rain.

Eğer özne bir kişi zamiri ise devrik yapı kullanılmaz.

· On the bed sat she (bu yapı kullanılmaz)

WORD ORDER INVERSION

Bu tür bir devriklik, konuşmada söz konusu değildir. Daha çok reklamlarda, kitaplarda ve gazetelerde romanlarda yaygındır ve son derece etkilidir. Bu yapıda cümlenin düzeniyle oynuyoruz.

· The women brought in the meat dishes for the evening meal.
  The meat dishes for the evening meal the women brought in.

· The shows producer, Alfred E. Neumann, was lost in thought.
  Lost in thought was the shows producer, Alfred E. Neumann.

· All the original members of the group will be appearing at the concert.
  Appearing at the concert will be all the original members of the group.

· A heterogeneous group of drugs are included in this category.
  Included in this category are a heterogeneous group of drugs.

· The auditors went into the figures after lunch.
  Into the figures went the auditors after lunch.

· The stimulus response theory of behavior came from Pavlov's work on conditioned response in dogs.
  From Pavlov's work on conditioned response in dogs came the stimulus response theory of behavior.

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