PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
INTRODUCTION (Giriş)
Türkçe’de olmayan bir yapı olan Perfect yapıyı şöyle tanımlayabiliriz: Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda olup biten eylemlerin başka bir zamanı etkilemesini dile getirmek için Perfect kullanılır. Geçmişte yapılan bir eylem içinde bulunduğumuz anı etkiliyorsa Present Perfect Simple geçmişte yapılan bir olaya etkisi varsa Past Perfect Simple olarak ifade edebiliriz. Past perfect Simple Tense’i zaman açısından ele aldığımızda Present Perfect Simple Tense’in bir derece geçmişi olarak düşünebiliriz.
· I am starving. I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday(şimdi çok açım)
· I was starving. I hadn’t eaten anything two days before.(dün çok açtım)
· Up to now the factory has produced one million cars. (şu ana kadar)
· Up to last year the factory had produced one million cars. (geçen yıla kadar)
· The food is delicious. I have never tried Chinese dishes before.
· The food was delicious. I had never tried Chinese dishes before.
· He has been our assistant manager for three years. Before that, he had worked for us as a clerk for two years.
Geçmişte belirli bir zamandan daha önce olup biten eylemleri dile getirmek için Past perfect Simple Tense’i kullanabiliriz. Geçmişteki belirli bir zaman burada “Definite Time” olarak belirtilmiştir. Bu türlü söz dizilerinde aşağıdaki sözcükler kullanılır:
just yet only just nearly
only almost already before
never still
· At this time last week, my parents had just arrived.
· It was ten o'clock, but the children had not got up yet.
· At some time before the accident, he had worked in Germany
· By three o'clock, the professor's lecture had ended.
· I had never heard him speak English before last week.
· Until that time, we had not known that our teacher was such a good speaker.
· We had reached the top of the mountain before sunset.
· It had stopped snowing before nine o'clock.
· My mother and my father had died before the war.
Always, never, ever, only, just, almost, yet, still, hardly, scarcely, gibi zarflar bağlaçlı bir cümlede kullanılıyorsa ana cümle(main clause) daima Past perfect olur.
· My family had always lived in misery before he got that job.
· We had only driven ten minutes when we ran out of petrol.
· I had only just finished speaking when the teacher shouted at me.
· My grandfather had still been in the room when the fireman arrived.
· I had never fallen in love before I got married.
Realize (farkına varmak), notice (farkına varmak), remember (hatırlamak), tell (söylemek), confess (itiraf etmek), claim (iddia etmek) complain (şikayetçi olmak) gibi fiiller isim cümleciklerinde (noun clause) sonraki eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır, önceki eylem “that” bağlacıyla Past Perfect bir cümleye bağlanır.
· Sam confessed that he had made a big mistake.
· I realized that I had forgotten my wallet at home.
· Hilda claimed that her father had lived in Egypt when the war broke out.
· John let me know that he had won the scholarship.
USAGE (Kullanışı)
Eğer geçmişte meydana gelen olayları ardışık olarak peşpeşe meydana gelen olaylar olarak ifade etmek istiyorsak Past perfect olarak ifade etmemiz gerekmiyor, onun yerine Past Simple kullanırız.
· Martin wanted to get married when he was only twenty. His father objected to it. He warned him against the difficulties of taking responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but he didn’t listen to his father and got married.
“The Past Perfect” geçmişte değişik zamanlarda olmuş iki eylemden ilk önce olanını dile getirmek için kullanılır. İlk önce olan eylem “The Past Perfect” ile daha sonra olan eylem ise “The Simple Past” ile gösterilir. Bu durumda Yan Cümlecikler, Ana Cümleciklerde belirtilen eylemlerin ne zaman yapıldığını da ortaya koyar. Bu türlü söz dizilerinde Yan Cümlecikleri Ana Cümleciklere bağlayan Bağlaçlar (conjunctions) şunlardır:
before till after by the time
when until as soon as
· By the time we arrived at the theatre, it had already stopped raining.
· They had bought all their furniture before they got married.
· They had barely reached at the top of the mountain when the blizzard began.
· I didn’t turn off the light until children had fallen into sleep.
· As soon as my parents had left home, I called my friends to make a party.
· After I had received my degree, I looked for a proper job.
Geçmişte meydana bir eylemin sebep-sonuç ilişkilerini gösteren Yan Cümleciklerde (Adverbial Clause of Reason) The Past Perfect" kullanılır. Ana Cümlecik ve Yan Cümlecikler birbirlerine aşağıdaki bağlaçlarla (conjunctions) bağlanırlar:
because since that for
seeing that as in that
· The teacher shouted at me, for I had not done my homework.
· My parents were worried because they hadn't had a letter from my father for a long time.
· Since I had not read the book before, I didn't tell them anything about it.
· The poor man died because he had lost a lot of blood.
· I was not hungry as I had had my breakfast.
Geçmişte yerine getirilmemiş isteklerimizi, bekleyişlerimizi ve niyetlerimizi göstermek için The Past Perfect aşağıdaki fiillerle birlikte kullanılır.
· I had hoped to talk to him but he was too busy to listen to me
· I had meant (intended) to call on you, but the bad weather prevented me from doing so.
· We had wanted to help the survivors but couldn't get here in time.
· I had supposed (expected) that I should get the first prize.
· I had thought of phoning him but decided against it.
The Past Perfect" sıfatların üstünlük derecelerini (Superlative Degrees of Adjectives) dile getiren ve bir eylemin ilk, ikinci, üçüncü kez yapıldığını gösteren cümleciklerden sonra çoğu kez " o zamana kadar" anlamına gelen "ever" sözcüğü ile birlikte kullanılır.
· Yaşar Doğu was the strongest wrestler I had ever known.
· It was the first time I had been in a theatre.
· It was the second time I had read that novel.
· This was the first day we had had heavy rain.
· It was the last time he had been abroad.
· Lora was the most beautiful girl I had ever seen.
Bazen bu tür söz dizilerinde “The Past Perfect” yerine “The Present Perfect” kullanılır. Bu durumda bu tense hala devam eden bir eylemi gösterir ve “ever” sözcüğü “şimdiye dek” anlamını taşır.
· It was the best game I had ever seen.(görme eylemi bitmiş)
· It was the best game I have ever seen. (görme eylemi devam ediyor)
The Past Perfect" geçmişte belirli bir an ya da eylemden daha önce tekrar tekrar yapılmış olan eylemleri dile getirmek için kullanılır.
· My friend had had several accidents until he learned how to drive.
· Sam had read its novel four times before he went to see the film
· Mark had checked his term paper many times before he handed it to the tutor.
· I had climbed this mountain many times until I went to Switzerland.
PAST SİMPLE TENSE & PAST PERFECT SİMPLE
a. Mike had his lunch when his father came.
b. Mike had had his lunch when his father came.
Birinci “a” cümlesinde Mike öğle yemeğini babası geldikten sonra yemiştir. Birinci “a” cümlesinde “when” yerine “before” kelimesi kullanılsaydı, “a” cümlesi ile “b” cümlesi aynı anlama gelirdi.
“It wasn't until + The Past Perfect” ile cümle kuruluşu:
· "It wasn't until Karl had gone to bed that I turned off the light
“The Past Perfect” ile devrik (inverted) cümleler aşağıda olduğu gibi kurulurlar. Soru biçiminde gibi görünen bu cümlelerin "soru" ile hiçbir ilgisi yoktur.
· Never had I fallen in love before I got married to Olga!
· Seldom had they seen such a sight!
INTRODUCTION (Giriş)
Türkçe’de olmayan bir yapı olan Perfect yapıyı şöyle tanımlayabiliriz: Geçmişte belirli bir zamanda olup biten eylemlerin başka bir zamanı etkilemesini dile getirmek için Perfect kullanılır. Geçmişte yapılan bir eylem içinde bulunduğumuz anı etkiliyorsa Present Perfect Simple geçmişte yapılan bir olaya etkisi varsa Past Perfect Simple olarak ifade edebiliriz. Past perfect Simple Tense’i zaman açısından ele aldığımızda Present Perfect Simple Tense’in bir derece geçmişi olarak düşünebiliriz.
· I am starving. I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday(şimdi çok açım)
· I was starving. I hadn’t eaten anything two days before.(dün çok açtım)
· Up to now the factory has produced one million cars. (şu ana kadar)
· Up to last year the factory had produced one million cars. (geçen yıla kadar)
· The food is delicious. I have never tried Chinese dishes before.
· The food was delicious. I had never tried Chinese dishes before.
· He has been our assistant manager for three years. Before that, he had worked for us as a clerk for two years.
Geçmişte belirli bir zamandan daha önce olup biten eylemleri dile getirmek için Past perfect Simple Tense’i kullanabiliriz. Geçmişteki belirli bir zaman burada “Definite Time” olarak belirtilmiştir. Bu türlü söz dizilerinde aşağıdaki sözcükler kullanılır:
only almost already before
never still
· It was ten o'clock, but the children had not got up yet.
· At some time before the accident, he had worked in Germany
· By three o'clock, the professor's lecture had ended.
· I had never heard him speak English before last week.
· Until that time, we had not known that our teacher was such a good speaker.
· We had reached the top of the mountain before sunset.
· It had stopped snowing before nine o'clock.
· My mother and my father had died before the war.
Always, never, ever, only, just, almost, yet, still, hardly, scarcely, gibi zarflar bağlaçlı bir cümlede kullanılıyorsa ana cümle(main clause) daima Past perfect olur.
· My family had always lived in misery before he got that job.
· We had only driven ten minutes when we ran out of petrol.
· I had only just finished speaking when the teacher shouted at me.
· My grandfather had still been in the room when the fireman arrived.
· I had never fallen in love before I got married.
Realize (farkına varmak), notice (farkına varmak), remember (hatırlamak), tell (söylemek), confess (itiraf etmek), claim (iddia etmek) complain (şikayetçi olmak) gibi fiiller isim cümleciklerinde (noun clause) sonraki eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır, önceki eylem “that” bağlacıyla Past Perfect bir cümleye bağlanır.
· Sam confessed that he had made a big mistake.
· I realized that I had forgotten my wallet at home.
· Hilda claimed that her father had lived in Egypt when the war broke out.
· John let me know that he had won the scholarship.
USAGE (Kullanışı)
Eğer geçmişte meydana gelen olayları ardışık olarak peşpeşe meydana gelen olaylar olarak ifade etmek istiyorsak Past perfect olarak ifade etmemiz gerekmiyor, onun yerine Past Simple kullanırız.
· Martin wanted to get married when he was only twenty. His father objected to it. He warned him against the difficulties of taking responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but he didn’t listen to his father and got married.
“The Past Perfect” geçmişte değişik zamanlarda olmuş iki eylemden ilk önce olanını dile getirmek için kullanılır. İlk önce olan eylem “The Past Perfect” ile daha sonra olan eylem ise “The Simple Past” ile gösterilir. Bu durumda Yan Cümlecikler, Ana Cümleciklerde belirtilen eylemlerin ne zaman yapıldığını da ortaya koyar. Bu türlü söz dizilerinde Yan Cümlecikleri Ana Cümleciklere bağlayan Bağlaçlar (conjunctions) şunlardır:
before till after by the time
when until as soon as
· By the time we arrived at the theatre, it had already stopped raining.
· They had bought all their furniture before they got married.
· They had barely reached at the top of the mountain when the blizzard began.
· I didn’t turn off the light until children had fallen into sleep.
· As soon as my parents had left home, I called my friends to make a party.
· After I had received my degree, I looked for a proper job.
Geçmişte meydana bir eylemin sebep-sonuç ilişkilerini gösteren Yan Cümleciklerde (Adverbial Clause of Reason) The Past Perfect" kullanılır. Ana Cümlecik ve Yan Cümlecikler birbirlerine aşağıdaki bağlaçlarla (conjunctions) bağlanırlar:
because since that for
seeing that as in that
· The teacher shouted at me, for I had not done my homework.
· My parents were worried because they hadn't had a letter from my father for a long time.
· Since I had not read the book before, I didn't tell them anything about it.
· The poor man died because he had lost a lot of blood.
· I was not hungry as I had had my breakfast.
Geçmişte yerine getirilmemiş isteklerimizi, bekleyişlerimizi ve niyetlerimizi göstermek için The Past Perfect aşağıdaki fiillerle birlikte kullanılır.
- hope: ümit etmek
- expect: beklemek; ummak
- want: istemek
- think: umut etmek; farz etmek
- intend: niyet etmek
- mean: niyet etmek
- suppose: zannetmek; beklemek
· I had hoped to talk to him but he was too busy to listen to me
· I had meant (intended) to call on you, but the bad weather prevented me from doing so.
· We had wanted to help the survivors but couldn't get here in time.
· I had supposed (expected) that I should get the first prize.
· I had thought of phoning him but decided against it.
The Past Perfect" sıfatların üstünlük derecelerini (Superlative Degrees of Adjectives) dile getiren ve bir eylemin ilk, ikinci, üçüncü kez yapıldığını gösteren cümleciklerden sonra çoğu kez " o zamana kadar" anlamına gelen "ever" sözcüğü ile birlikte kullanılır.
· Yaşar Doğu was the strongest wrestler I had ever known.
· It was the first time I had been in a theatre.
· It was the second time I had read that novel.
· This was the first day we had had heavy rain.
· It was the last time he had been abroad.
· Lora was the most beautiful girl I had ever seen.
Bazen bu tür söz dizilerinde “The Past Perfect” yerine “The Present Perfect” kullanılır. Bu durumda bu tense hala devam eden bir eylemi gösterir ve “ever” sözcüğü “şimdiye dek” anlamını taşır.
· It was the best game I had ever seen.(görme eylemi bitmiş)
· It was the best game I have ever seen. (görme eylemi devam ediyor)
The Past Perfect" geçmişte belirli bir an ya da eylemden daha önce tekrar tekrar yapılmış olan eylemleri dile getirmek için kullanılır.
· My friend had had several accidents until he learned how to drive.
· Sam had read its novel four times before he went to see the film
· Mark had checked his term paper many times before he handed it to the tutor.
· I had climbed this mountain many times until I went to Switzerland.
PAST SİMPLE TENSE & PAST PERFECT SİMPLE
a. Mike had his lunch when his father came.
b. Mike had had his lunch when his father came.
Birinci “a” cümlesinde Mike öğle yemeğini babası geldikten sonra yemiştir. Birinci “a” cümlesinde “when” yerine “before” kelimesi kullanılsaydı, “a” cümlesi ile “b” cümlesi aynı anlama gelirdi.
“It wasn't until + The Past Perfect” ile cümle kuruluşu:
· "It wasn't until Karl had gone to bed that I turned off the light
Bu cümleyi İngilizcede şu biçimlerde de dile getirebiliriz:
· I didn't turn off the light until Karl had gone to bed.
· Karl went to bed, and then I turned off the light.
· l wasn't until the film had finished that we arrived at the cinema.
· It wasn't until I had read the letter that I believed it.
Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden biri diğerinden önce yapılmışsa bunu genellikle "The Past Perfect" ile gösteririz. Eğer bu iki eylem birbiri ardısıra yapılmışsa her ikisini de "The Simple Past" ile gösterebiliriz.
a. Tom learned English before he went to England.
Tom had learned English before he went to England.
b. I did my homework before my father came home.
I had done homework before my father came home.
Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden biri diğerinden önce yapılmışsa ve bu da bir alışkanlık gösteriyorsa bunu “The Past Simple” ile ya da “The Past Perfect” ile dile getirebiliriz.
· Helen drove very fast before she had this bad accident.
Helen used to drive very fast before she had this bad accident.
· Norman played football before he got married.
Norman used to play football before he got married.
· Jane had called on his father every week before he died.
· They had gone to the theatre once a week before the war broke out.
Bazen bir cümleyi değişik bir bağlaç (conjunction) kullanarak aşağıda olduğu gibi kurabiliriz. Bu durumda cümlenin anlamı değişmez, ancak bağlaçtan sonra gelen cümlecik "Yan Cümlecik" olur.
· We had arrived home before it got dark.
After we had arrived home, it got dark.
Aşağıdaki ifadeler “The Past Perfect” yerine kullanılır.
It was a long time : It had been a long time
It was three years : It had been three years
It was ages : It had been ages
It was over a century : It had been over a century
Bu tür cümlelerde “since” den sonra olumsuz bir ifade kullanımı yaygın değildir.
· It was a long time since I had seen her.
It had been a long time since I had seen her.
· It was almost ten years since slavery had been made illegal.
It had almost been ten years since slavery had been made illegal.
“The Past Perfect” ile olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılan “for a long time” ve “for long” arasındaki fark:
· My father hadn't seen me for a long time when he came to Istanbul.
(Babam İstanbul'a geldiğinde beni uzun zamandan beri görmemişti.)
· My father hadn't seen me for long when he came to Istanbul.
(Babam İstanbul'a geldiğinde beni göreli çok az zaman olmuştu.)
· I didn't turn off the light until Karl had gone to bed.
· Karl went to bed, and then I turned off the light.
· l wasn't until the film had finished that we arrived at the cinema.
· It wasn't until I had read the letter that I believed it.
Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden biri diğerinden önce yapılmışsa bunu genellikle "The Past Perfect" ile gösteririz. Eğer bu iki eylem birbiri ardısıra yapılmışsa her ikisini de "The Simple Past" ile gösterebiliriz.
a. Tom learned English before he went to England.
Tom had learned English before he went to England.
b. I did my homework before my father came home.
I had done homework before my father came home.
Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden biri diğerinden önce yapılmışsa ve bu da bir alışkanlık gösteriyorsa bunu “The Past Simple” ile ya da “The Past Perfect” ile dile getirebiliriz.
· Helen drove very fast before she had this bad accident.
Helen used to drive very fast before she had this bad accident.
· Norman played football before he got married.
Norman used to play football before he got married.
· Jane had called on his father every week before he died.
· They had gone to the theatre once a week before the war broke out.
Bazen bir cümleyi değişik bir bağlaç (conjunction) kullanarak aşağıda olduğu gibi kurabiliriz. Bu durumda cümlenin anlamı değişmez, ancak bağlaçtan sonra gelen cümlecik "Yan Cümlecik" olur.
· We had arrived home before it got dark.
After we had arrived home, it got dark.
Aşağıdaki ifadeler “The Past Perfect” yerine kullanılır.
It was a long time : It had been a long time
It was three years : It had been three years
It was ages : It had been ages
It was over a century : It had been over a century
Bu tür cümlelerde “since” den sonra olumsuz bir ifade kullanımı yaygın değildir.
· It was a long time since I had seen her.
It had been a long time since I had seen her.
· It was almost ten years since slavery had been made illegal.
It had almost been ten years since slavery had been made illegal.
“The Past Perfect” ile olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılan “for a long time” ve “for long” arasındaki fark:
· My father hadn't seen me for a long time when he came to Istanbul.
(Babam İstanbul'a geldiğinde beni uzun zamandan beri görmemişti.)
· My father hadn't seen me for long when he came to Istanbul.
(Babam İstanbul'a geldiğinde beni göreli çok az zaman olmuştu.)
“The Past Perfect” ile devrik (inverted) cümleler aşağıda olduğu gibi kurulurlar. Soru biçiminde gibi görünen bu cümlelerin "soru" ile hiçbir ilgisi yoktur.
· Never had I fallen in love before I got married to Olga!
· Seldom had they seen such a sight!
