Gerunds: Perfect and Passive Gerunds

THE PERFECT GERUND

AS SUBJECT (özne olarak)

Geçmişte olan bir olay cümlede özne olarak gerund biçiminde kullanıldığında “perfect gerund” (having done) olarak kullanılır.

• Your having won the state lottery has changed circumstances entirely (Piyangoyu kazanmış olması önceki bir olaydır, durumun değişmesi şimdi ile bağlantıldır.)

• His having lost most of his money will change everyone's situation. (Parasını kaybetmesi geçmiş bir olaydır, herkesin durumunu değiştireceği gelecek ile ilgilidir.)

• Their having become so well-off changed the family's life-style. (Durumlarının bu kadar iyi olması ailenin yaşam biçimini değiştirdi.)

AS OBJECT (Nesne olarak)

Arkasından gerund alan fillerde yüklem ile gerund'ı, gerçekleştikleri zaman açısından karşılaştırdığımızda, eğer gerund yüklemden önce gerçekleşmişse, simple gerund (doing) yerine perfect gerund (having done) kullanabiliriz.

• The thief denied that he had broken into Mrs Green’s house.

[Hırsızın Bayan Green’ın evine girmesi (had broken into), yüklemden (denied) daha önce gerçekleşmiştir.] The thief denied stealing / having broken into Mrs Green’s house

• At the court, the murderer admitted that he killed the victim because of her money.

(oldürme olayı cinyati kabuki etmeden öncedir.) At the court, the murderer admitted killng / having killed the victim because of her money.

• The baby was taken into care because her parents were accused of neglecting / of having neglected her.
• He was accused of embezzling / having embezzled a large sum of money into his own occount.
• Everyone has heard about Peter's having got lost in the mountains.
• We regret Miss Green's having left our firm after almost ten years with us.

“admit” ve “deny “filleri perfect gerund kullanımı fiilleri ile yaygın bir şekilde kullanılır. Diğer fiillerle simple gerund tercih edilir.

THE PASSIVE GERUND

Passive'in temel kuralı “be + past participle” (be done) olduğu için, kendinden sonra gerund alan fiiller, bu passive yapıyı being done biçiminde alır. “Perfect gerund” ın passive biçimi “having been done” olarak kullanılır.

AS SUBJECT (özne olarak)

• John’s being given a private room to himself was appreciated
• Their being allowed to use the library during vacations is very helpful
• Our being met by your personal representative will be a great help
• Your having been trained by experts will be an advantage over the other appliciants.
• Her having been left a large fortune has changed considerably.

AS OBJECT (Nesne olarak)

Bu kullanımlarda yüklem active, gerund'un passive olur.

      John was given a private room by the management. We appreciate this.

• We appreciated John's being given a private room by the management.

• We are pleased about our being allowed to use the library.
• I don't recall being asked / having been asked for my opinion.
• I remember having been taught / being taught the grammar rules in school.
• He's still complaining about having been / about being overlooked for a promotion last month.
• You should take advantage of being offered / of having been offered such a good opportunity.
• In the course of his being interviewed by the police, he admitted his involvement in the burglary.
• I'm not happy about being asked / about having been asked to work on Sunday when nobody else has to.
• The President himself congratulated the soldier on having been awarded.
• I don't care about not being invited / about not having been invited to the reception.
• Please don't mention our having been involved in the demonstration yesterday to my father.